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STA408 GDB 2 Solution and Discussion

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STA301 GDB 2 Solution and Discussion

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FIN725 GDB 2 Solution and Discussion

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ECO610 GDB 2 Solution and Discussion

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@zareen Low savings rate: While foreign savings are important in financing the saving-investment gap, the most reliable source of funds for investment in a country is its own saving –Pakistan’s record in this aspect is also not encouraging. National savings as percent of GDP were around 10 percent during 1960s, which increased to above 15 percent in 2000s, but declined afterward (Figure 7). Pakistan’s saving rate also compares unfavorably with that in neighboring countries: last five years average saving rate in India was 31.9 percent, Bangladesh 29.7 percent, and Sri Lanka 24.5 percent. Similarly, domestic savings (measured as national savings lessnet factor income from abroad) also declined from about 15 percent of GDP in 2000s, to less than 9 percent in recent years (see Box 1for methodology of measuring savings). Domestic savings are imperative for sustainable growth, becauseinflow of income from abroad (remittances and other factor income) is uncertain due to cyclical movements in world economies, exchange rates, and external shocks. [image: HSPjICJ.png] Domestic Savings are then bifurcated into public and private savings. While public savings are estimated from fiscal data; private savings are taken as residual. Within private savings, an amount equalto 2 percent of GDP is assumed as corporate savings and the rest is household savings. Although theoretically there is no issue in this approach for estimating savings, practically the measurement errors cannot be ruled out. Some important sources of errors are the following: (a)The existence of a large informal economy, which leads to underestimation of national accounts including gross investment –the starting point of estimating savings; (b)Illegal outflow of capital, which does not appear in official balance of payments statistics. Theoretically, capital flown out is part of our national savings, but this is not available for domestic investment. ©Savings kept in the form of precious metals and stones, which are not used in capital formation –and thus do not appear in savings calculations;(d)Savings also kept in foreign exchange, particularly during the periods of exchange rate volatility, which is again not available for addition to capital stock. Thus it is possible that actual savings in Pakistan are higher than the reported numbers. However, as the sources of measurement errors are mostly structural in nature, it leaves the trend of measured savings rate more or less similar to the actual (unobserved) savings. Fundamentally speaking, Pakistan seems to be stuck in a low-saving low-investment trap, which has seriously hampered its growth potential: a low savings rate reduces the volume of investible funds; low investments make growth spurts unsustainable; and low growth generates fewer domestic savings. It is not surprising therefore, that nearly all of Pakistan’s high growth periods have coincided with abundant inflows of foreign savings(in the form of external loans, grants and remittances).2Accordingly, whenever such inflows dried up, economic growth slid back, as domestic saving and investment were never sufficient to keep up the growth momentum Source

STAT730 GDB 2 Solution and Discussion

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Total Marks 8
Starting Date Tuesday, January 21, 2020
Closing Date Sunday, January 26, 2020

Question Title Selection of Type of Statistics
Question Description

Fall 2019

Graded Discussion Board No. 2

Advanced Research Methods (STAT730)

Due date: January 26th, 2020

Topic: “Selection of Type of Statistics”

Objective of the activity

To familiarize the students with the selection of appropriate type of statistics.

Learning outcome

After attempting this GDB, students will be able to select the type of statistics.

The premise

Recent wave of tax reforms in Pakistan led majority of people in unrest. The anticipated sales tax gap is ~67% of the total sales tax collection of Rs. 1,715 billion. As per Global Competitiveness Index (GCI, 2018), tax regulations and tax rates are among the most problematic factors of doing business in Pakistan. It is very unfortunate that Pakistan has only 40,000 (approximately) registered sales tax payers.

Considerable losses in tax revenue occurs due to the fraud in sales tax. Even the registered businesses acquire fake purchase invoice (to boost deductible input tax) and sales tax related identity frauds, which is still the daunting challenge to tackle the issue. Weak government writ, fragile institutions, less regulatory quality, ineffective accountability processes, poor rule of law, political instability, and pervasive corruption in Pakistan could be the prime contributors to sales tax gap. However, a workforce having higher level of education, literacy and technology are indispensable for effective implementation of sales tax policies and preventing tax fraud and evasion.

Automation in Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) is hence the need of hour to strengthen the system of accountability and transparency, henceforth tax net expansion and minimization of tax evasion. FBR and four provinces therefore, have agreed to announce online portal facility (to file sales taxes) in August 2019, as a part of government’s ease of doing business initiative. This tax reform will ultimately benefit the taxpayers to submit their returns through a single portal. Consequently, this and other tax reforms will multiply the sales tax revenue.

The research objective

The prime objective of the above research was to investigate the impact of tax reforms on sales tax revenue.

Requirement:

First step in statistical analysis is to decide what type of statistics is appropriate for data analysis. After carefully analyzing the above premise and research objective, you are required to identify which type of statistics (descriptive or inferential) is most appropriate to be used for data analysis? Provide at least two justifications to support your choice.

Important Instructions:

Your discussion must be based on logical facts.
The GDB will open and close at above specified date and time. Please note that no grace day or extra time will be given for posting comments on GDB.
Use the font style “Times New Roman” and font size “12”.
Your answer should be relevant to the topic i.e. clear and concise.
Do not copy or exchange your answer with other students. Two identical / copied comments will be marked Zero (0) and may damage your grade in the course.
Books, websites and other reading material may be consulted before posting your comments; but copying or reproducing the text from books, websites and other reading materials is strictly prohibited. Such comments will be marked as Zero (0) even if you provide references.
You should post your answer on the Graded Discussion Board (GDB), not on the Moderated Discussion Board (MDB). Both will run parallel to each other during the time specified above. Therefore, due care will be needed.
Obnoxious or ignoble answer should be strictly avoided.
You cannot participate in the discussion after the due date via email.
Questions / queries related to the content of the GDB, which may be posted by the students on MDB or via e-mail, will not be replied till the due date of GDB is over.
For planning your semester activities in an organized manner, you are advised to view schedule of upcoming Assignments, Quizzes and GDBs in the overview tab of the course website on VU-LMS.

Note related to load shedding: Please be proactive

Dear Students,

As you know that semester activities have been started and load shedding problem is also prevailing in our country now a days. Keeping in view the fact, you all are advised to post your activities as early as possible without waiting for the due date. For your convenience; activity schedule has already been uploaded on VULMS for the current semester, therefore no excuse will be entertained after due date of assignments, quizzes or GDBs.

Good Luck!